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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height:115%"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri">Acción Ecológica Opina</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:center;line-height:115%"
align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri"> </span></b><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">Serie editorial “R</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">espuestas
a fondo</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri">”</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"
lang="ES-MX"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align:center;line-height:115%"
align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">DOS. ¿Qué se oculta
detrás del ingreso de
semillas y cultivos transgénicos <br>
con fines de investigación?</span></b><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">El
1 de
junio de 2017 la Asamblea Nacional aprobó la Ley Orgánica de
Agrobiodiversidad,
Semillas y Fomento de la Agricultura Sustentable, incluyendo
en el artículo 56
la posibilidad de ingreso de semillas y cultivos transgénicos
a nuestro país
con fines de investigación científica. Esto significa un grave
riesgo ambiental
porque nada impedirá que a través del viento, insectos y otros
polinizadores se
</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">mancillen</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"> variedades no
transgénicas, se
afecte a poblaciones de organismos benéficos, o que los
residuos vegetales
contaminen el suelo e interfieran en el ciclo de nutrientes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">Con
estas razones, varias organizaciones han presentado acciones
legales contra
esta norma contraria a la Constitución de Montecristi, que no
sólo declaró al
Ecuador libre de semillas y cultivos transgénicos (art. 401),
sino que además
establece varias prohibiciones: -</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX">
</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">a
</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:#03FF" lang="ES">la
introducción de organismos
y material orgánico e inorgánico que puedan alterar de manera
definitiva el
patrimonio genético nacional (Art. 73); -al desarrollo,
producción, tenencia,
comercialización, importación, transporte, almacenamiento y
uso (…) de tecnologías
(…) experimentales nocivos y organismos genéticamente
modificados
perjudiciales… los ecosistemas</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES"
lang="ES"> (Art. 15);
- a </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES;mso-fareast-language:#03FF"
lang="ES">la aplicación de
biotecnologías riesgosas o experimentales (Art. 401).</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">Otra estrategia fue el </span><span
style="font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">monitoreo
a la presencia
de cultivos transgénicos llevado a cabo por </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">varias</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"> organizaciones de la
sociedad civil, </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">como </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">la Federación de Centros
Agrícolas y
Organizaciones Campesinas del Litoral (FECAOL) </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">que </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">encontró la presencia de
soya transgénica en
varios sitios de la provincia de Los Ríos (1). Esto dio lugar
a que se presente
una Acción de Protección que hace referencia a la omisión
evidente del poder
público (identificado en el Ministerio del Ambiente, por
responsabilidad
constitucional y legal), por la falta de control para impedir
la introducción
de organismos genéticamente modificados (transgénicos). Sin
embargo, esta
acción fue desestimada por la Jueza de Familia, Mujer, Niñez y
Adolescencia de
Guayaquil.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"> </span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">Una
de
las preocupaciones de la </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"
lang="ES-MX">FECAOL</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">
fue que
la soya detectada en campos agrícolas de Los Ríos es
resistente al herbicida
glifosato (Soya Roundup Ready) por lo</span><span
style="font-size:
12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"
lang="ES-MX">
que los</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri"> campesinos e</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"
lang="ES-MX">s</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">t</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">án obligados a </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">la aplicación </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">solo </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">del mencionado herbicida,
mismo que ha sido
categorizado por el Instituto de Investigaciones del Cáncer de
la OMS (IARC)
como agente carcinogénico probable para seres humanos, luego
de una evaluación
de con base en las evidencias científicas más recientes sobre
el tema.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">VIOLACIÓN
DE LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA Y AMBIENTALES</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">La
Constitución y acuerdos internacionales de derechos humanos
reconocen el
derecho a un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación. La
Constitución reconoce además
derechos a la naturaleza.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"> </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">La
experimentación con semillas y cultivos transgénicos viola los
derechos de la
naturaleza, en la medida en que promueve un modelo que afecta
su capacidad de
regeneración.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">El
88%
de los transgénicos son resistentes a un herbicida
(especialmente al
glifosato), lo que facilita la erradicación de malezas a
través de fumigaciones
aéreas. Esto ha permitido una gran expansión de estos </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">cultivos</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"> en la
naturaleza, contaminando
suelos, aguas y el aire, ocupando espacios boscosos y otros
ecosistemas
naturales, impidiendo que estos ecosistemas puedan
regenerarse.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">Otros
cultivos transgénicos -conocidos como cultivos Bt- producen
sus propios
insecticidas. Estos cultivos también afectan negativamente:
por ejemplo,
impiden la colonización de hongos micorrizas, fundamentales en
el ciclo de
nutrientes; impactan especialmente a las poblaciones de
insectos; provocan daños a la salud de los trabajadores
agrícolas y otros
involucrados en la cadena productiva como procesadores de
alimentos,
trabajadores portuarios, etc.; y pueden bioacumularse y pasar
a las redes
tróficas superiores.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">La
bibliografía que da cuenta de los efectos negativos de los
cultivos
transgénicos en el ambiente, la naturaleza y la sociedad, </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:ES-MX" lang="ES-MX">año a año </span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">aumentan
exponencialmente en las
revistas científicas de alto impacto. Y cabe decir además que
los transgénicos
no tienen mejores rendimientos que los cultivos convencionales
ni disminuyen el
uso de plaguicidas</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:
115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES-MX"
lang="ES-MX">.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"
style="text-align:justify;line-height:115%"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri">NUESTRAS
DEMANDAS AL MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">1. Tomar todas las
medidas administrativas,
técnicas y legales para que se mantenga al Ecuador libre de
cultivos y semillas
transgénicas</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">2. Iniciar una
investigación sobre la
introducción de soya transgénica en la provincia de Los Ríos,
con la
participación de los actores sociales relevantes, y tomar las
medidas
correctivas correspondientes para mantener la condición de
país libre de
transgénicos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">3. Implementar un
sistema de monitoreo constante
a la introducción de nuevos cultivos transgénicos en el país,
con la
participación de los actores sociales relevantes, y en
coordinación con otras
instancias del Estado que tengan competencia con los
organismos genéticamente
modificados (como son el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería
y el Ministerio
de Salud)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">4. El marco
Nacional de Bioseguridad desarrollado
por el Ministerio del Ambiente debe ajustarse plenamente a lo
dispuesto en la
Constitución, de tal manera que se asegure su condición de
país libre de
transgénicos.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">5. Desarrollar un
sistema de responsabilidad
civil y de reparación frente a posibles nuevos ingresos de
cultivos
transgénicos en el país. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">ACCIÓN ECOLÓGICA</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX"><br>
Más información: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ebravo@rallt.org">ebravo@rallt.org</a></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri" lang="ES-MX">NOTAS: </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES" lang="ES">(1)
La metodología y
resultados están publicados en la Revista CienciaAmerica Vol
5: 75-82,
disponible en</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:ES" lang="ES"><a
href="http://www.uti.edu.ec/documents/investigacion/volumen4/ARTICULO%20rICHARD%20iNTRIAGO.pdf"><br>
http://www.uti.edu.ec/documents/investigacion/volumen4/ARTICULO%20rICHARD%20iNTRIAGO.pdf</a></span>
</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"
lang="EN-GB">(2) ARC Monographs. No.
112- Glyphosate. pp. 92.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-ansi-language:#03FF"><a
href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol112/mono112.pdf"><span
style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol112/mono112.pdf</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB"></span>
</p>
</p>
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